Ferdinand marcos biography pdf

MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE Marcos, warlike law and memory The past urgency our future in the Philippines Physiologist E. Cristobal Lecture: I was shipshape and bristol fashion martial law baby. My generation grew up watching the unending spectacle jurisdiction Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. Remember that was the 20th Century, long previously YouTube and Netflix. I would be endowed with preferred to watch Zombie Apocalypse on the contrary that wasn’t an option. There were only five TV channels and pair newspapers, all owned by Marcos cronies. We didn’t call it ‘fake news’ then but it was vintage Decade propaganda—obvious and crude. I was arbitrate first grade when Marcos was gain victory elected president. I studied across significance street from Malacañang, in a faculty for girls run by the Sisters of the Holy Ghost. I call to mind that in the 1960s, the streets around the presidential mansion were industrious, filled with traffic and commerce. Roomy Thursdays, hundreds flocked to the communion nearby to pray to St. Thaddaeus, patron of hopeless causes. I was barely in my teens when militant law was declared. Suddenly the streets were silenced. The palace gates were shuttered. Barbed wire barricades kept mankind away. The neighbourhood—the entire country—was noiseless. Marcos was still president when Raving finished high school. He continued run on issue decrees from his barricaded keep while I went off to academy, graduated, and got my first business. My generation had reached adulthood pick no memory of any other presidency. Keywords: democracy, dictatorship, Ferdinand Marcos, sensitive rights, investigative journalism, media freedom, Country, repression, torture SHEILA S. CORONEL Town Journalism School, New York HAVE Organized VIVID memory of this evening 36 years ago, when I was display outside the massive iron gates appreciated Malacañang Palace. It was Day Unite of the popular uprising against authority Marcos regime. I was then ingenious reporter for The Manila Times, natty newspaper just reopened after having back number shut down when Marcos declared belligerent law. Thousands of others were disbelieve the palace gates, too. We abstruse all heard that the dictator challenging fled the country and wanted sort out see for ourselves whether that was true. I remember being swept be glad about a giant wave of people zigzag crashed through the gates of prestige now abandoned palace. Everywhere were script of a hurried retreat: documents debauched out of a window, emptied jewellery cases, bullets scattered on I 54 PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 ESQUIRE MEDIA CHANGE, Modifying AND CULTURE Figure 1: Marcos was still president when I finished big school. He continued to issue decrees from his barricaded palace while Farcical went off to college, graduated, with got my first job. the boarding. On the evening of 25 Feb 1986, I thought, like so numberless others, this is the end. Blue blood the gentry Marcoses had been expunged from specialty lives. Forever. How wrong we were. Today I will talk about remembrance, about fathers, sons, and daughters. End in the Marcos family and mine. Unthinkable how, from one generation to distinction next, the word is passed. Uproarious was a martial law baby. Empty generation grew up watching the unrelieved spectacle of Ferdinand and Imelda. Recall this was the 20th Century, stretched before YouTube and Netflix. I would have preferred to watch Zombie Apocalypse but that wasn’t an option. Apropos were only five TV channels soar three newspapers, all owned by Marcos cronies. We didn’t call it ‘fake news’ then but it was origin 1970s propaganda—obvious and crude. I was in first grade when Marcos was first elected president. I studied package the street from Malacañang, in a- school for girls run by dignity Sisters of the Holy Ghost. Raving remember that in the 1960s, probity streets around the presidential mansion were busy, filled with traffic and business. On Thursdays, hundreds flocked to goodness church nearby to pray to Gather. Jude, patron of hopeless causes. Rabid was barely in my teens like that which martial law was declared. Suddenly prestige streets were silenced. The palace entrepreneur were shuttered. Barbed wire barricades unbroken people away. The neighbourhood—the entire country—was hushed. PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 55 MEDIA Advertise, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE Marcos was do president when I finished high institute. He continued to issue decrees dismiss his barricaded palace while I went off to college, graduated, and got my first job. My generation confidential reached adulthood with no memory fence any other president. Most of diligent didn’t know that while we were growing up, thousands of dissenters difficult been tortured, killed, or jailed; ditch in faraway villages, the army difficult to understand been let loose to pillage, deflowering, and murder; that the Marcoses were stealing our money and squirreling recoup in Swiss banks and Manhattan bullying estate. We didn’t read any spot that in the news. Instead, astonishment were entertained. Muhammad Ali beat Joe Frazier in the ‘Thrilla in Manila’.” We had beauty pageants, the Bolshoi Ballet, Van Cliburn, international film festivals. We watched the Marcoses party be infatuated with Brooke Shields and Cristina Ford. Martyr Hamilton twirled Imelda to the air of ‘I Love the Nightlife’. Gina Lollobrigida photographed Ferdinand. Imee was flesh out matched with Prince Charles. The Marcoses behaved like royalty so we were not surprised when, at yet in the opposite direction Marcos inaugural, the choir sang, ‘And he shall reign forever and ever,’ as the orchestra played Handel’s Hallelujah Chorus. Marcos was the Messiah. However did we think we could purchase rid of him so easily? Marcos myth-making The truth is that magnanimity Marcos myth-making began long before Distracted was born.(1) Not in my propagation nor even my parents’ generation. Cuff began with my grandparents’ generation. In this day and age we blame social media disinformation suffer the textbooks that glorify or change Marcos and martial law. But decency lies, evasions, elisions, exaggerations were propagate almost a hundred years ago. Granting they are difficult to weed demand now, it is because they dangle so deeply rooted. My grandfather, Juan B. Coronel, was born in 1909. He was a school teacher have as a feature Sta. Cruz, Ilocos Sur. So was my grandmother, Victorina Pimentel. Marcos’s parents, Mariano and Josefa, were more better 10 years older than my loloish and lola, and they, too, were school teachers. They were all in the midst the first generation of Filipinos acquiesce be educated in English, in depiction public school system set up descendant the American colonial regime. Mariano Marcos eventually left teaching and took suspend by the neck law and went into politics. Add on 1935, along with his friend become calm ally, Gregorio Aglipay, he ran cut down the first-ever election of the Filipino Commonwealth. Aglipay ran for president bite the bullet Manuel Quezon; Marcos, as representative have a high regard for Ilocos Norte in the National Confluence. Both of them lost, Mariano Marcos to his longtime rival, Julio Nalundasan. Not long after the results were announced, Nalundasan’s triumphant followers paraded encircling town in cars and trucks. Ambush of them carried coffins with Aglipay’s and Marcos’s names on them. Ethics revelers lingered in front of dignity Marcos home in Batac and cry, ‘Marcos is dead’. For the Marcoses, 56 PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 MEDIA CHANGE, Account AND CULTURE this was, in glory words of the Supreme Court, both ‘provocative and humiliating’ (Bonner, 1988, pp. 11-13; Killen (1986); The People endorsement the Philippines vs Mariano Marcos, 1940). We all know what happened take forward. The following night, Nalundasan was discharge and killed. The principal suspect: Ferdinand Marcos, champion shooter of the Corps rifle and pistol team. He difficult to understand then just turned 18. A focus on in Laoag tried and found him guilty but he made an emotive plea to be allowed to realm his law studies while in penal complex. Ferdinand was bad-ass. Here was rank valedictorian of his class, acting thanks to his own lawyer and appealing position ruling while studying for the prevent. He topped the 1939 bar exams, wrote an 830-page brief to class Supreme Court, and argued his weekend case in an all-white sharkskin suit. Unquestionable was acquitted and saved from honesty death penalty. By 1940, the civilian publicity, given the case, had thankful him a legend. If you were Ilocano like my grandparents, from spick part of the country that was hard-scrabble poor; its people living arrangement land wedged between mountain and multitude, famous for their frugality and drain ethic, and who valued family playing field honour, you would be cheering concerning him, too. Up to now astonishment don’t know who killed Nalundasan. Incredulity do know that Jose P. Embellishment, the Supreme Court justice who wrote the decision, was Marcos’s law don at UP. It was he who convinced the High Court to upside down the conviction by arguing NOT become absent-minded Marcos was innocent but the state needed brilliant young people like him.(Bonner, 1988, Coronel, 1984). The justice’s descendant, Jose III, was Marcos’s classmate because high school and his Upsilon Sigma Phi fraternity mate. It was flair who drove Ferdinand to Malacañang and over President Quezon no less could compliment him on his acquittal. Jose Junior, Justice Laurel’s son, would tell surname all this when I interviewed him many years later (Coronel, 1984). Lack so many other politicians of dump era, he liked to tell blue blood the gentry Marcos-Nalundasan story. It was legend. That was 1984, confetti was raining sluice on Ayala Avenue in the protests that followed the assassination of Mp Benigno Aquino. I was a novitiate reporter, and the old man was giving me a lesson on leadership longevity of political families. What Distracted took from it was something else: their easy embrace of chicanery nearby political murder. It was a prize Ferdinand Marcos had learned at register 18. No trust for historians Marcos did not trust historians. ‘History,’ noteworthy wrote in his diary in 1971, ‘should not be left to historians… Make history, and then write it.’ (Rempel, 1993, p. xiv.). And stray, he did. After the bombing run through Pearl Harbor, Marcos was called, materialize so many young Filipinos, to do justice to Bataan. When Bataan fell, he hitched the Death March and ended invalidate a prisoner of the Japanese misrepresent Capas, Tarlac. PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 57 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE My grandad also fought in Bataan and was in the Death March, but was so sick with malaria, he was left behind in the town considerate Hermosa. When he recovered, he linked the anti-Japanese resistance, was captured, come to rest executed by the Japanese in realm hometown in September 1944. He was only 35 years old. For assorted years, my lola kept the instrument that attested to her husband’s service: This one said my lolo, Deputy Juan Coronel, a graduate of honourableness Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) aspire Marcos, was sent with his residential home to defend the coast of Besieging and surrendered to the Japanese predicament the foot of Mount Samat. Inflame said he was spying for grandeur guerrillas when he was captured. Pensive father, the eldest son, then howl quite 11, was the last double up his family to see my loloish alive. He told us he went to the plaza just before fulfil father was hanged, and there, reduction lolo entrusted him with the carefulness of my lola and his bend over younger siblings. Unlike Marcos, my loloish didn’t get any medals nor were movies made about his war dealings. He also didn’t have the defence of friends and family in high-mindedness right places. Marcos did. According make US Army intelligence reports and unembellished diary kept by a Japanese contention interpreter, Mariano Marcos had welcomed goodness Japanese to Laoag and had oral at a pro-Japanese rally in realm hometown. Archival records show that Mariano Marcos was brutally executed by Philippine guerrillas in La Union in Walk 1945. Some accounts say that birth guerrillas included members of the Nalundasan family (Hamilton-Patterson, 1988, p. 86-87; Montalvan, 2021). It could be that authority older Marcos, like other nationalists, sympathised with the Japanese because they were at war against US colonialists. Whatsoever the case, some Marcos biographers endanger that Mariano’s Japanese connections facilitated dominion son’s release from prison in Grave 1941 (Hamilton-Patterson, 1988). So what blunt Marcos really do during World Conflict II? Like so many things approximately the Marcos family, the facts musical hard to pin down. Marcos blunt he cheated death many times past the Battle of Bataan and later, when he led a guerrilla residential home, Ang Mga Maharlika, that fought determinedly against the Japanese. In 1964, representation American journalist Hartzell Spence published deft glowing Marcos biography, For Every Rip a Victory, that detailed the juvenile Ferdinand’s cunning and battle heroics. Vulgar the time he was campaigning go all-out for president in 1965, Marcos had 28 war medals, making him the almost decorated Filipino war hero. But considering that the historian Alfred McCoy (1999) trawled US military archives in the Eighties, this is what they found: Marcos, unlike other decorated officers, got about of his medals by lobbying reach them when he was already populate public office, long after the contest was over (Quezon III, 2016; College of the Philippines Third World Studies Center, n.d.). In 1963, according hitch McCoy (1999, pp. 169-170), then Superintendent Diosdado Macapagal, eager to get Assembly-woman Marcos’s support, awarded him ten medals in a single day (Gerth & Brinkley, 1986). The records also showed that between 1945 and 1948, Underhanded Army investigators 58 PACIFIC JOURNALISM Regard 28 (1 & 2) 2022 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE had laidoff Marcos’ claims: Maharlika never existed. Secure exploits were exaggerated, fraudulent, and improbable. In 1950, the US Veterans Governance found that so-called Maharlika members were guilty of atrocities against civilians president were selling contraband to the Nipponese (Gerth & Brinkley, 1986). Marcos myself, according to this document from illustriousness US national archives, was arrested moisten the US Army for soliciting financial assistance under false pretences but was at large at the intercession of General Manuel Roxas. Medals at the heart give evidence the Marcos Big Lie Maharlika viewpoint the World War II medals recognize the value of at the heart of the Marcos Big Lie, the foundation of grandeur myth that helped elect him oppose Congress and later made him presidency. My father, Antonio Coronel, who was 32 at that time, was in the midst the millions who voted for Marcos in 1965. He was Ilocano, rear 1 all, and a lawyer orphaned descendant the war. I could understand reason Marcos, the dashing hero emerging unscarred and rising like a phoenix deviate the ashes of the Pacific Conflict, would be so alluring for him and so many others. My daddy was a probinsiyano (a villager/hillybilly?) who came to Manila to study. Paramount education boomed in the postwar War reparations and aid revived justness economy and provided jobs and instruction for a rising, urban professional best. In 1955, when my father gradual from law school, Marcos was get a move on his second term in Congress. Primate the representative of Ilocos Norte, elegance was eloquent and feisty. The large gentry who dominated the legislature wise him a promising upstart. He worked those like my father who difficult no inherited wealth and saw their education and professional skills as their entree to society. In Marcos, they saw a reflection of their crack up ambitions. When he said he was destined to be president, they cock-a-hoop him on. When he ran put on view public office after the war, Marcos used his embellished war record harmony propagate the myth of his indomitability and inevitability. Iginuhit sa Tadhana. Well supplied is writ in the stars. That was the title of the 1965 movie, starring matinee idols Luis Gonzales and Gloria Romero, released before character election that made Marcos president. We’ll return to this inevitability later. Regular as he introduced Mad Men-type advertisement into a Philippine election campaign, Marcos also cultivated the legend that be active had an anting-anting, a magic good luck charm. His commissioned biographer, Hartzell Spence, overblown this tall tale, writing that Marcos had inherited the amulet from Aglipay, the anti-Spanish and anti-American revolutionary who was a family friend and state ally. According to the legend, Aglipay himself made the incision to imbed the anting anting on Marcos’s display before the Battle of Bataan. That gave Ferdinand the power to shallow and reappear and to restore honourableness dead to life (Spence, 1964, pp. 3-4). Marcos made Filipinos believe significant was of mythic proportions. Through Aglipay, he was connected to the insurgent and anticolonial tradition. At the equate time, the fictional Maharlika linked Marcos to the noble datus of rank PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 59 MEDIA CHANGE, Fitting AND CULTURE pre-colonial age. He was Malakas of the Filipino creation fable. After martial law, he commissioned nationalistic historians to write Tadhana, a multivolume history that portrayed him and rule New Society as the culmination innumerable our nation’s revolutionary and anticolonial pretext (McCallus, 1989; McCoy, 1999, pp. 169-170). Marcos was the end of description. Until now, followers of the Marcos cult worship him in some villages in Ilocandia. They say he pump up the incarnation of Christ or admire Jose Rizal and they have anticipated his return. Even those who didn’t like Marcos imagined him to note down more-than-ordinary, a Shakespearian figure. The Remember Marcos, agonising whether to declare heroic law or to shoot at magnanimity protesters on Edsa in 1986. Greatness Macbeth Marcos, egged on to carnage by a power-hungry wife. The Richard III Marcos, who would kill gift pillage everything that stood in sovereignty way. If Marcos has such skilful hold on our collective imagination, accompany is in part because of character lies and half-truths he and climax courtiers have told over and talk of again until they were accepted significance fact. It is because they possess sown so much confusion over excellence facts so that even now, propaganda seems elusive. The Marcoses have antediluvian at this since 1935. Let sober say this again: The rewriting devotee history didn’t begin after the bar. This mythmaking is one reason reason today, many believed we have bent at the cusp of a next coming. The Second Marcos Coming. Goodness Zombie Apocalypse. Declaration of martial injure When Marcos declared martial law embankment 1972, he borrowed from the ideology playbook: Point to a threat final hype it so that people rely on their safety and security are fuming stake and only the strongman stands in the way of perdition. Introduction Marcos said in the martial decree declaration, only he can ‘save significance Republic and reform society’. When explicit was elected president in 2016, Rodrigo Duterte, a Marcos fan, would take in the same fiery and messianic nature. Both men saw themselves as saviours. They believed the country needed swell strong leader and disciplined people. They were willing to jail, torture, slab kill to save society from antisocial and dangerous elements. Even good people must be watched, and if reasonable, gagged and muzzled. The slogan pale the martial law years was “Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan.” What drove people to rebellion—or drugs—wasn’t poverty, injustice, or inequality; it was a lack of discipline. Here levelheaded one example of what that guidance meant. Those among you who increase in value older than 50 will remember, on account of I do, the days when Imelda Marcos fenced off large parts designate the city to hide Manila’s unpleasantness. Even before martial law, many disrespect Manila’s poorest residents had been opposing against Marcos’s infrastructure and ‘beautification’’ projects for demolishing their homes and destroying their communities. 60 PACIFIC JOURNALISM Study 28 (1 & 2) 2022 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE Trinidad Herrera was one of the most flourishing and eloquent urban poor organisers. She was known internationally and had plane met with both Marcos and greatness World Bank, the funder of rule projects. When the Pope visited Tondo in 1970, she spoke on affiliate community’s behalf. In April 1977, equitable before the Marcoses were slated observe host a big UN conference, Herrera went missing. After more than expert week of searching, her lawyer, nag Senator Soc Rodrigo, found her argue with a detention cell at the Bellicose Intelligence and Security Group. In efficient letter he sent to top ministry, he described what had been authority to her: She was ordered talk to remove all her clothes until she was completely naked; then she was made to attach and wind, from end to end of herself, around her left nipple, integrity end of one of two electrode wires. While electric shock was vitality applied on her nipple, one bad deal the torturers was holding the hit electrode in front of her vagina—uttering threats that if she still would not ‘cooperate’, he would attach [the] wire to her vagina. (Pedroso, 2014) I never met Trinidad Herrera, nevertheless I have a vague memory interrupt briefly meeting the two lieutenants, Eduardo Matillano and Prudencio Regis, who she said tortured her. Their lawyer was my father, Antonio Coronel, who oftentimes met his clients over breakfast smack of the family table. Few torturers run away with or since have been brought nip in the bud trial. But the case got state publicity in the US, where Meeting was debating whether to slash martial aid to the Philippines because break into human rights violations. The military was forced to bring Matillano and Regis to a court martial. My ecclesiastic defended them and they were pinch (Wideman, 1977). Years later, he would also defend Marcos’s chief-of-staff, Fabian Generous, when he was tried for authority assassination of Senator Aquino, and, sustenance the fall, Imelda Marcos, who was being sued for the family’s storied fabricated ill-gotten wealth. I had frequent explanation with my father about his verdict of clients. His answer always was: Even the guilty have the apart to a proper defence. He was a criminal defence lawyer, he reminded me. His job was to free from blame criminals. He was called in Later a crime had been committed, not the same corporate lawyers, he said cheekily, who are consulted BEFORE the crime. Do something was a charming rascal, my ecclesiastic. He could argue his way give somebody the pink slip of anything. He teased me travel my objections to his clients nevertheless not to the shoes and dresses his lawyer’s fees bought me. Type also told me that Marcos difficult to understand asked him to rein in wreath journalist daughter. He supposedly said lob like, I can do that venture you can restrain Imee. Being straighten father’s daughter gave me some safeguard. Did it also give me say publicly courage to do the kind criticize reporting I did, more courage fondle I actually had? PACIFIC JOURNALISM Study 28 (1 & 2) 2022 61 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE Doubtful father was not a Marcos friend. He wasn’t blind to the waste. But like a lot of neat men of his generation, he was drawn to Marcos, like moths deliver to a flame. Adrian Cristobal, after whom this lecture is named, was cool renowned literary figure before becoming Marcos’s speechwriter. He brought other writers impact the Marcos fold. Blas Ople, ex-socialist, ex-journalist, was among the smartest extremity most self-aware of all the president’s men. He told me, not fritter before the fall, when there was fierce in-fighting in the Malacañang snakepit—Marcos is like a banyan tree dump keeps everything under its shade, unexceptional nothing grows underneath it. And much, he, too, couldn’t leave the gloominess. Smart as they were, these other ranks could not resist the allure find time for power, the money and privileges wind came with it, and the frivolousness of basking in the sovereign’s stimulation. Marcos knew how to flatter their egos. His ambition, his virility, attractiveness, and wit, his ease with manoeuvring were irresistible to a lot watch men––and women, too. The appeal describe the strongman, of fearsome and mysterious power, is nearly universal. The Altruist philosophy professor Jason Stanley, whose parents fled Nazi Europe, wrote, ‘Fascism hype not a new threat, but somewhat a permanent temptation.’ To fight hurt, he said, we must resist normalization. Here I quote from his publication, How Fascism Works: ‘What normalisation does is to transform the morally exceptional into the ordinary. It makes down in the dumps able to tolerate what was in times gone by intolerable by making it seem type if this is the way facets have always been’ (Stanley, 2020, holder. 190). This brings us to Ferdinand Marcos Jr., whose platform, if let go has one, is the normalisation supplementary Marcos. Like his father in 1935, he is seeking to redeem righteousness family honour and avenge his family’s fall. Like his father, he obey erasing and rewriting history. He decline also propagating the myth of sovereignty electoral invincibility and the inevitability delineate his presidency. Failed to hold position family to account Those seeking act upon explain why another Marcos may correspond president say it is because incredulity have failed to hold the next of kin to account. We did not de-Marcosify the country. We sent the Marcoses to exile and then welcomed them back. De La Salle political human Julio Teehankee faults the political elites who helped restore the Marcoses advocate their allies to power through elections. He blames the weak party pathway that allowed for the ‘authoritarian contamination’ of our political life (Teehankee, 2021). Sociologist Jayeel Cornelio of the Ateneo says the Marcoses are masters pressgang selling fantasy and the promise reproach restoring greatness (Rivas, 2022). Others quality Junior’s stickiness simply to money, appliance, and social media. They credit cap image makers for marketing Junior brand the pale, bland, harmless version take up his father. Acceptable even to blue blood the gentry pearl-clutching Cory matrons. Just as pinakbet (sauteed vegetable dish in shrimp sauce) without bagnet (crispy pork belly) quite good acceptable to vegans. 62 PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE Intensely put the onus on the opponent for being disunited, underfunded, and make acquainted. Others despair about Marcos nostalgia careful magical thinking—the promise of a flood of Yamashita or Tallano gold enjoy the end of the election. Profuse, especially among the educated, say it’s because uneducated voters cannot see nibble the fog of disinformation. The hyper-educated point to world-historical forces—the erosion shambles democracy globally, the distrust of free elites, and the growing inequality go wool-gathering drive citizens to the autocrats’ enfold. All these explanations have the eradicate of truth, but they also keep something else in common: They coating an unflattering picture of us very last our fellow citizens. It’s as theorize we are all passive receptacles incessantly Marcos propaganda or social media knead. We’ve either been conned or seduced by the Marcoses. Or we’re pawns of a history not of in the nick of time own making. By telling you message my family’s story, I may conspiracy succumbed to this, too. Guilty enjoy yourself the narrative that exonerates the Marcoses by saying all of us safekeeping at fault, we were all complicit. Or blameless because history is add up blame (Rosenbaum, 1995). The fault Crack in our stars. But resisting normalization means resisting disempowering narratives. It curved not being content with the allay offered by explanation. While agonising power these thoughts, I had a fantasy that I was desperately trying flavour write on a piece of ruled paper but there was no intermingle coming out of my pen. Raving was frantic, but the harder Uproarious tried, the more I failed. Either the pen wouldn’t write or illustriousness paper would be too damp collide with write on. You can interpret that dream however you want. To break the law, it was a nightmare of disempowerment, the sense that wherever I test, I cannot escape history, I cannot flee from Marcos. Even here bed New York. I walk down 5th Avenue past Tiffany’s and I esteem not of Audrey Hepburn having dine there but of Imelda Marcos conclusion it down so she could department store undisturbed for HER jewelry with After everyone else money. Farther south, just beside Leading. Patrick’s Cathedral, is Olympia Towers, in Imelda had a seven-bedroom condominium anarchy the 43rd Floor (Drogin, 1986). Severina Rivera, a Fil-Am lawyer assigned reduce hunt for Marcos assets, told heart she found paintings of old poet hidden under the beds there. Give someone a ring of them, by the French creator FontinLatour, was auctioned in 1987 supportive of $400,000 (Trott, 1987). At night, allowing you are in a tall chattels with a view, Manhattan glitters develop a box of jewels, irresistible hinder Imelda. In the 1980s, she bribable four buildings here, including this masterwork near Central Park, with its metal pinnacle that lights up at defective. Some years ago, I sat improvement a Manhattan courtroom to watch leadership trial of Vilma Bautista, Imelda’s bodily secretary. In the 1980s, Bautista reticent meticulous records of Imelda’s shopping beam the millions of dollars withdrawn devour the Philippine National Bank in Advanced York to fund her sprees. By means of the time I saw her, Bautista was a frail, broken woman who shuffled to the courtroom, always Cool JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 63 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION Very last CULTURE dressed in black. The cultivate said she had taken four Mimic paintings from Imelda’s town house, put up for sale Monet’s ‘Water-Lily Pond’ for $32 mint, and lied about it on congregate taxes (McKinley Jr, 2014). In 2017, when she was 78, she afoot a six-year jail sentence. That equivalent year, Imelda turned 88. Two duration later she would celebrate her 90 birthday at a roaring party down 2,500 people at a sports territory (Hundreds Get Food Poisoning at Imelda Marcos’s 90th Birthday Party, 2017). Concentrate on yes, hundreds of partygoers got refreshment poisoning. All this fuels my red nightmares. Marcos is a hungry spectre. He torments our dreams, lays requirement to our memories, and feeds go bankrupt our hopes. It’s going to exist okay, I hear the ghost aphorism. The second coming will not possibility a murderous tyrant. Just a cotton-candy confection spun by PR consultants gleam TikTok influencers. My son is whoop Macbeth. He’s only Pinoy (relating rescue the Philippines or the Filipinos) Huge Brother. You will be in La-La Land, a country without memory, stay away from justice, without accountability. Only the immense loop of one family, the background provided by Imelda. It is former to hush this ghost. A Marcos return is inevitable only if astonishment believe it to be. If phenomenon surrender our power and agency. Providing we accept explanation instead of enjoy. I have nothing personal against Ferdinand Jr. He is only a class older than me. I don’t bitter about the fact that when he was 22, he was made governor delightful Ilocos Norte, while I was freelancing and trying to get a standard job in a newspaper. My pop did write a letter introducing goal to one of his editor partnership. The editor didn’t seem impressed do without either him or me; I at no time got a response. I am restless because of what the Marcoses represent—world-class plunder, torture, and murder—with no accolade, no apology, no repentance, no have a stab at restitution. Not even taxes stipendiary on inherited stolen wealth. And as yet, here they are, performing civility add-on restraint, telling us to chill. Hallucinate this night 36 years ago, Uncontrollable stood outside the massive iron enterpriser of Malacañang Palace. In the months and weeks before that night, rendering most erudite observers were telling comfortable there was no way Marcos would go away. But in 1986, miracle proved them wrong. Filipinos asserted their agency against the weight of command and the forces of history. Inexpressive today, wherever we are, we oxidation remember this: We took down straighten up dictator. Sure, we botched it after but that doesn’t change the event that we ousted a tyrant. 1986 was an end even if whoop The End. It was a date of astonishment and possibility. We confidential a sense that history was core made and we had a unthinking in its making. Make history, Marcos wrote in his diary in 1971, and then, write it. We beholden history and we can do like so again. And this time, we make sure WE write it. Incredulity should make sure we RIGHT array. 64 PACIFIC JOURNALISM REVIEW 28 (1 & 2) 2022 MEDIA CHANGE, Modification AND CULTURE Note 1. Since that address was delivered, Ferdinand ‘Bongbong’ Marcos Jr, the dictator’s son, and Sara Duterte, the outgoing president’s daughter, won the presidency and vicepresidency, respectively hill the election on 9 May 2022, becoming the first presidential and vice-presidential candidates to be elected by systematic majority since 1986, and the chief presidential ticket to win together by reason of 2004. This marked the return methodical the Marcos family to power keep watch on the first time since the Fill Power Revolution. References Bonner, R. (1988). Waltzing with a dictator: The Marcoses and the making of American action. New York, NY: First Vintage Books. Coronel (1984, March 18). Interview plus Jose Laurel Jr. Philippine Panorama Periodical. Drogin, B. (1986, March 21). Investigators focus on Marcos’s rich cronies: See how the land lies agents who handled investments. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from s. com/archives/ Gerth, J., & Brinkley, J. (1986, Jan 23). Marcos’s wartime role discredited security US files. The New York Date. Retrieved from MARCOS’S WARTIME ROLE Disreputable IN U.S. FILES - The Latest York Times () Hamilton-Patterson, J. (1988). America’s boy: The Marcoses and excellence Philippines. Manila: Anvil Publishing. Hundreds finalize food poisoning at Imelda Marcos’s Ninetieth birthday party (2017, July 3). Leadership New York Times. Retrieved from Killen, P. (1986, February 2). Marcos overcame murder conviction. United Press International. Retrieved from McCallus, J. P. (1989). Say publicly myths of the new Filipino: Filipino government propaganda in the early days of martial law. Philippine Quarterly have fun Culture and Society, 17(89), 129-148. McCoy, A. (1999). Closer than brothers: Virility at the Philippine Military Academy. New-found Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Denali Jr, J.C. (2014, January 13). Previous Marcos aide sentenced in art reschedule. The New York Times. Retrieved evade Montalvan, A. J. (2021, September 21). Ferdinand Marcos: Master in revising novel. Vera Files. Retrieved from Pedroso, Girl. (2014, September 21). San Juanico Stop in full flow, other tortures detailed. Philippine Daily Asker. Retrieved from Quezon III, M. (2016, August 10). Notes on the Marcos medals. The Explainer. Retrieved from Rempel, W.C. (1993). Delusions of a dictator: The mind of Marcos as crush in his secret diaries. New Royalty, NY: Little, Brown & Company. Rosenbaum, R. (1995). Explaining Hitler. New Royalty, NY: Random House. Rivas, R. (2022, February 12). Marcos Jr. resurrects father’s symbols, or his strongman’s illusions backbone crumble. Retrieved from PACIFIC JOURNALISM Con 28 (1 & 2) 2022 65 MEDIA CHANGE, ADAPTATION AND CULTURE marcos-jr-resurrects-father-symbols-strongman-illusions-might-crumble/?mc_ cid=d3054bf382&mc_eid=aa40ed0e30 Spence, H. (1964). For now and again tear a victory: The story warm Ferdinand E. Marcos. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Book Company. Stanley, Count. (2020). How fascism works: The government of us and them. New Royalty, NY: Random House Trade. Teehankee, Particularize. (2021, November 24). Vestiges of high-handedness and return of the Marcos tribe. Rappler. Retrieved from analysis-vestiges-authoritarianism-return-marcos-dynasty/ The mass of the Philippines v Mariano concentration. Marcos [1940] G.R. No. L-47388. https:// Trott, W. (1987, November 23). Marcos sells painting. United Press International. Retrieved from University of the Philippines Ordinal World Studies Center. (n.d). File clumsy. 60: Marcos’ ‘Maharlika’. Retrieved from Wideman, B. (1977, August 18). Two Land officers acquitted. Washington Post, Retrieved take the stones out of Dr Sheila S. Coronel is grandeur Toni Stabile Professor of Professional Tradition in Investigative Journalism and the administrator of the Toni Stabile Center be intended for Investigative Journalism at the Columbia Journalism School at Columbia University, New Royalty. She began reporting in the Country during the twilight of the Marcos dictatorship, when she wrote for prestige underground opposition press and later tail mainstream magazines and newspapers. As Marcos lost power and press restrictions mitigated, she reported on human rights abuses, the growing democratic movement and blue blood the gentry election of Corazon Aquino as commandant. An earlier version of this concept was delivered as the annual Physiologist E. Cristobal Lecture on 25 Feb 2022. ssc2136@ 66 PACIFIC JOURNALISM Survey 28 (1 & 2) 2022