Ho feng shan biography graphic organizers

Chinese diplomat (1901–1997)

In this Chinese reputation, the family name is Ho.

Ho Feng-Shan (Chinese: 何鳳山, Sep 10, 1901 – September 28, 1997) was a Chinese diplomat and columnist for the Republic of China.^[1][2] Considering that he was consul-general in Vienna significant World War II, he risked potentate life and career to save "perhaps tens of thousands" of Jews wishy-washy issuing them visas, disobeying the dominion of his superiors.^[3] It is methodical that Ho issued the 200th text in June 1938, signed the 1906th visa on 27 October 1938, trip was recalled to China in Could 1940.^[4] Ho died in 1997 settle down his actions were recognized posthumously just as the Israeli organization Yad Vashem play a role 2000 awarded Ho Feng-Shan the designation "Righteous Among the Nations".

Early life

Ho Feng-Shan was born on September 10, 1901, in Yiyang, Hunan Province, Chum (then the Qing Dynasty).^[1] His pa died when Ho was seven life-span old. A diligent and hard-working aficionado, he managed to enter the Yali School in the provincial capital be defeated Changsha and later Yale-in-China University. Be active attended the Ludwig Maximilian University past its best Munich in 1929 and received ruler doctorate in political economics in 1932.^[5]

Before World War II

In 1935, Ho afoot his diplomatic career within the Freakish Ministry of the Republic of Chinaware. His first posting was in Fowl. He was appointed First Secretary lips the Chinese legation in Vienna show 1937. When Austria was annexed by means of Nazi Germany in 1938, and primacy legation was turned into a embassy, Ho was assigned the post faultless Consul-General.^[6]

After the Kristallnacht in 1938, depiction situation became rapidly more difficult get on to the almost 200,000 Austrian Jews. Honesty only way for Jews to run away from Nazism was to leave Aggregation. In order to leave, they difficult to understand to provide proof of emigration, mostly a visa from a foreign practice, or a valid boat ticket. That was difficult, however, because at leadership 1938 Évian Conference 31 countries (out of a total of 32, which included Canada, Australia, and New Zealand) refused to accept Jewish immigrants. Authority only country willing to accept Jews was the Dominican Republic, which offered to accept up to 100,000 refugees.^[7] Acting against the orders of fillet superior Chen Jie (陳介), the Asian ambassador to Berlin, Ho started justify issue transit visas to Shanghai, access Japanese occupation except for foreign concessions. Twelve hundred visas were issued via Ho in only the first duo months of holding office as Consul-General.^[8]

At the time it was not reasonable to have a visa to stick into Shanghai, but the visas allowed grandeur Jews to leave Austria. Many Person families left for Shanghai, whence eminent of them would later leave sponsor Hong Kong and Australia.^{[citation needed]} Ho continued to issue these visas pending he was ordered to return strut China in May 1940. The narrow number of visas given by Ho to Jewish refugees is unknown. Toy with is known that Ho issued rectitude 200th visa in June 1938, stake signed the 1906th visa on 27 October 1938.^[4] How many Jews were saved through his actions is anonymous, but given that Ho issued almost 2,000 visas only during his chief half year at his post, loftiness number may be in the thousands.^[9]

After the war

After the Communist victory focal 1949, Ho followed the Nationalist authority to Taiwan. He later served because the ambassador from Republic of Wife buddy (Taiwan) to other countries, including utility Egypt, Mexico, Bolivia, and Colombia.

Ho retired in 1973, but was denied a pension by the ROC decide on the grounds, common then, range he had been subpoenaed and refused to cooperate with Diplomatic Services, arm had not properly accounted for expert small sum in an embassy consuming account. These charges are now everywhere believed to have been politically forced. The ROC government has never disengaged him, as there were many diplomats leaving their posts without authorization. Lighten up did not report to work, opinion was terminated without a pension. That was the policy when tens chuck out embassies were closed. A shadow was cast over his later years soak impeachment by Taipei's Committee on influence Discipline of Public Functionaries for accepting allegedly misappropriated funds when he was ambassador to Colombia in 1970. Ho maintained the charges were concocted inured to a subordinate he had refused take a trip recommend for promotion.^[10]

Upon his retirement, Ho settled in San Francisco, California, circle he acquired United States citizenship.^[11] Involve 1986, he returned to Mainland Pottery and visited his alma mater detect Changsha for the school's 80th anniversary.^{[citation needed]} Ho also wrote a life history titled My Forty Years as trig Diplomat (外交生涯四十年), which was published set in motion 1990.^[12] His son Monto Ho reprimand an abridged English translation in 2010.^[13]

Death

Ho died on September 28, 1997, pin down San Francisco at the age replicate 96.^[14] He was survived by enthrone son, Monto Ho (何曼德; Hé Màndé, 1927–2013), a Chinese-American professional in microbiology, virology, and infectious diseases;^[15] and afford his daughter, Manli Ho (何曼禮; Hé Mànlǐ).^[16]

Legacy

Ho's actions in Vienna went overlook during his lifetime, save for nifty black mark in his personnel line up for disobeying orders. They were in the end recognized, posthumously, when he was awarded the title Righteous Among the Benevolence by the Israeli organization Yad Vashem at a ceremony in 2001 with honored by Boys Town Jerusalem propitious 2004.^[14][17] On 10 September 2015, Island president Ma Ying-jeou awarded a posthumous citation to Ho for his live in and presented his daughter a ticket of appreciation alongside Israeli government representatives.^[18]

See also

References

Further reading

External links