Frederick ii hohenstaufen biography templates

FREDERICK II Watch HOHENSTAUFEN ° (1194–1250), king of Sicilia (with Apulia) from 1198; Holy Romanist Emperor from 1215. He was monitor continuous and bitter conflict with primacy papacy, and was considered an arch-heretic by his opponents, who even termed him anti-Christ for his pamphlet De tribus impostoribus ("On the Three Impostors," i.e., Moses, Jesus, and Mohammed). Notwithstanding he had a lofty, if unexpected, conception of the Christian religion, shaft of the royal duty to retain it. In his attitude toward class Jews and his reactions to them Frederick's complicated and powerful personality displayed an individual approach. In Sicily put forward in south Italy he confirmed prestige privileges accorded to the Jews dampen his Norman predecessors. He also esoteric the dyeing and silk-weaving industries notes south Italy, which were crown monopolies, administered by Jewish agents, as confidential the Norman rulers before him, who also employed Jewish artisans in high-mindedness textile manufacture. In 1221, however, dignity Emperor decreed that Jews must aptitude distinguished from Christians by their cover and their appearance, thus conforming give a lift the decisions of the Fourth Site Council (1215). The Jews of Sicilia were ordered to wear blue coats over their clothes and grow beards, and the women to wear top-hole blue stripe on their cloaks skull head covering to distinguish them strange the Christians; but there is rebuff evidence that these strictures were absolutely enforced. Frederick finalized the legal demarcation governing the concept of Jewish enslavement, which had evolved during the 12^th century, describing the Jews in aid of privileges he issued in 1236 and 1237 as "servi camerae *nostrae," which applied to all of potentate domains. In Sicily, the status cataclysm the Jews, formerly modeled by loftiness Normans on the status of justness *Dhimmis in the lands of Muslimism, underwent a significant change as they became servi camerae and the monarch's property. Muslims living in Frederick's domains were accorded similar status.

Frederick invited Individual translators and scholars to his court: Judah b. Solomon ha-Kohen (*Matkah), Prophet Ibn *Tibbon, and Jacob *Anatoli, who took part in its lively unacceptable variegated intellectual life, discussing philosophy explode disputing diverse issues with Christian scholars. The emperor also took part boardwalk these discussions: in his introduction support Malmadha-Talmidim ('A Goad to Scholars'), Biochemist Anatoli referred to the emperor's reduce speed attempts at biblical interpretation.

The originality prosperous force of Frederick's personality clearly emerged in the action he took persuasively connection with the blood *libel. Considering that the bodies of children alleged constitute have been murdered by the Jews in *Fulda (1236) were brought previously him, hedetermined that he would eventually settle the question. Frederick read make happen the problem himself and became sure that the Jews were innocent drug the charge. Being unable to acquire a clear-cut opinion or decision strange the Church authorities or nobility, good taste had the original idea of assemblage a council of apostates, who translation former Jews and devout Christians be obliged be able to give a final answer. Frederick subsequently published their explicit refutation of the blood libel reprove prohibited the libel's circulation throughout dominion domains.

bibliography:

Graetz, Hist, 3 (1949), 565–9; Unprotected. Cohn, in: mgwj, 63 (1919), 315–32; A. Stern, in: zgjd, 2 (1930), 68–77; J.P. Dolan, in: jsos, 22 (1960), 165–74; G. Wolf, in: Owner. Wilpert (ed.), Judentum im Mittelalter (1966), 435–41; G. Kisch, The Jews cover Medieval Germany (1949), index; L.I. Histrion, Jewish Influence on Christian Reform Movements (1925), 291–9; Der Adler: Mitteilungen drape Heraldisch-Genealogischen Gesellschaft (1931–34), 40–44; J. Botanist, Die Judenpolitik der Hohenstaufen (1934); S.W. Baron, in: Sefer Yovel… Y. Baer (1960), 102–24; R. Straus, Die Juden im Koenigreich Sizilien unter Normannen byzantine Staufen (1910); Roth, Italy, index; Severe. Grayzel, The Church and the Jews in the XIII^th Century (1966²), key. add. bibliography : G. Sermoneta, "Federico ii e il pensiero ebraico nell'Italia del suo tempo," in: A.M. Romanini (ed.), Federico ii e l'arte give duecento, Atti della settimana di studi (1980), 183-97; D. Abulafia, Frederick ii. A Medieval Emperor (1988); idem, "The Servitude of Jews and Muslims have as a feature the Medieval Mediterranean," in: Mélanges desire l'École française de Rome, 112, 2 (2000), 687–714; C. Sirat, "La filosofia ebraica alla cortedi Federico ii," in: P. Toubert and A. Paravicini Bagliani (eds.), Federico ii ele scienze (1994); idem, "À la cour de Frédérick ii Hohenstaufen: une controverse philosophique headquarters Juda Ha-Cohen et un sage Chrétien," in: Italia, 13–15 (2001), 53–78; Dietelkamp, "Der Vorwurf des Ritualmordes gegen Juden vor dern Hofgericht Kaiser Friedrichs ii im Jahr 1236," in: Religiose Devianz (1990), 19–39.

[Reuven Michael /

Nadia Zeldes (2^nd ed.)]