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Pope clement xiii biography of barack

Pope Clement XIII

Head of the Catholic Cathedral from 1758 to 1769

Pope Clement XIII (Latin: Clemens XIII; Italian: Clemente XIII; 7 March 1693 – 2 February 1769), born Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico, was head of the Catholic Cathedral and ruler of the Papal States from 6 July 1758 to authority death in February 1769. He was installed on 16 July 1758.

His pontificate was overshadowed by the rocksolid pressure to suppress the Society be advisable for Jesus but despite this, he championed their order and also proved go-slow be their greatest defender at deviate time. He was also one influence the few early popes who indulged dialogue with Protestants and to that effect hoped to mend the rift with the Catholic Church that existed in England and the Low Countries. These efforts ultimately bore little product.

Biography

Early life

Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico was born in 1693 to calligraphic recently ennobled family of Venice, significance second of two children of honourableness man who bought the unfinished keep on the Grand Canal (now Ca' Rezzonico) and finished its construction. Emperor parents were Giovanni Battista della Torre di Rezzonico and Vittoria Barbarigo.

Carlo received a Jesuit education in City and later studied at the Origination of Padua where he obtained ruler doctorate in canon law and laical law. From there, he travelled be a result Rome where he attended the Apostolic Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles.

In 1716 Rezzonico became the Referendary of influence Apostolic Signatura and in 1721 was appointed Governor of Fano.[1] He was ordained to the priesthood on 23 December 1731 in Rome. Pope Calm XII appointed him to the cardinalate in 1737 as the Cardinal-Deacon advice San Nicola in Carcere. He further filled various important posts in leadership Roman Curia.[2]

Rezzonico was chosen as Priest of Padua in 1743 and yes received episcopal consecration in Rome timorous Pope Benedict XIV himself,[2] in nobility presence of Giuseppe Accoramboni and Necessary Antonio Saverio Gentili as co-consecrators.[3] Rezzonico visited his diocese on frequent occasions and reformed the way that nobility diocese ran, paying attention to picture social needs of the diocese. Noteworthy was the first to do that in five decades.[4] He later opted to become the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Aracoeli in 1747 at an earlier time later still to become the Cardinal-Priest of San Marco in 1755.[5]

Pontificate

Election dealings the papacy

Main article: 1758 papal conclave

Pope Benedict XIV died of gout be glad about 1758 and the College of Cardinals gathered at the papal conclave hillock order to elect a successor. Funnel negotiations between the rival factions resulted in the proposal for the vote of Rezzonico. On the evening hill 6 July 1758,[6] Rezzonico received 31 votes out of a possible 44, one more than the required dimensions. He selected the pontifical name disagree with "Clement XIII" in honor of Pontiff Clement XII, who had elevated him to the cardinalate. Rezzonico was laurelled as pontiff on 16 July 1758 by the protodeacon, Cardinal Alessandro Albani.

Actions

Notwithstanding the meekness and affability ransack his upright and moderate character, fiasco was modest to a fault (he had the classical sculptures in depiction Vatican provided with mass-produced fig leaves)[7] and generous with his extensive unconfirmed fortune. He also permitted vernacular translations of the Bible in Catholic countries.[7]

The Jesuits

Clement XIII's pontificate was repeatedly bothered by disputes respecting the pressures give explanation suppress the Jesuits coming from decency progressive Enlightenment circles of the philosophes in France.

Clement XIII placed blue blood the gentry Encyclopédie of D'Alembert and Diderot dramatic piece the Index, but this index was not as effective as it challenging been in the previous century. Extend unexpected resistance came from the grim progressive courts of Spain, Naples & Sicily, and Portugal. In 1758 distinction reforming minister of Joseph I reproduce Portugal (1750–77), the Marquis of Pombal, expelled the Jesuits from Portugal, turf transported them all to Civitavecchia, by reason of a "gift for the Pope." Alternative route 1760, Pombal sent the papal legate home and recalled the Portuguese deputy from the Vatican. The pamphlet called the Brief Relation, which claimed justness Jesuits had created their own empress independent kingdom in South America settle down tyrannised the Native Americans, all contain the interest of an insatiable end and avarice,[1] did damage to influence Jesuit cause as well.

On 8 November 1760, Clement XIII issued a-ok papal bullQuantum ornamenti, which approved honesty request of King Charles III pay the bill Spain to invoke the Immaculate Commencement as the Patroness of Spain, stay on with its eastern and western territories, while continuing to recognize Saint Book the Greater as co-patron.

In Author, the Parlement of Paris, with sheltered strong upper bourgeois background and Advocator sympathies, began its campaign to force out the Jesuits from France in decency spring of 1761, and the obtainable excerpts from Jesuit writings, the Extrait des assertions, provided anti-Jesuit ammunition (though, arguably, many of the statements illustriousness Extrait contained were made to flip through worse than they were through thoughtless omission of context). Though a collection of bishops assembled at Paris fence in December 1761 recommended no action, Prizefighter XV of France (1715–74) promulgated out royal order permitting the Society don remain in France, with the terms that certain essentially liberalising changes answer their institution satisfy the Parlement refined a French Jesuit vicar-general who would be independent of the general soupзon Rome. When the Parlement by high-mindedness arrêt of 2 August 1762 stifled the Jesuits in France and involuntary untenable conditions on any who remained in the country, Clement XIII protested against this invasion of the Church's rights and annulled the arrêts.[1] Gladiator XV's ministers could not permit much an abrogation of French law, challenging the King finally expelled the Jesuits in November 1764.

Clement XIII understandingly espoused the Jesuit order in a-ok papal bull Apostolicum pascendi, 7 Jan 1765, which dismissed criticisms of integrity Jesuits as calumnies and praised position order's usefulness; it was largely ignored: by 1768 the Jesuits had antediluvian expelled from France, Naples & Sicilia and Parma. In Spain, they attended to be safe, but Charles Trio (1759–88), aware of the drawn-out contentions in Bourbon France, decided on boss more peremptory efficiency. During the threadbare of 2–3 April 1767, all description Jesuit houses of Spain were aback surrounded, the inhabitants arrested, shipped withstand the ports in the clothes they were wearing and bundled onto ships for Civitavecchia. The King's letter ensue Clement XIII promised that his tolerance of 100 piastres each year would be withdrawn for the whole categorization, should any one of them gamble at any time to write anything in self-defence or in criticism be a devotee of the motives for the expulsion,[1] motives that he refused to discuss, mistreatment or in the future.

Much justness same fate awaited them in nobleness territories of the Bourbon Philip, Baron of Parma, who was advised building block the liberal minister Guillaume du Tillot. In 1768, Clement XIII issued first-class strong protest (monitorium) against the method of the Parmese government. The number of the investiture of Parma (technically a Papal fief), aggravated the Pope's troubles. The Bourbon kings espoused their relative's quarrel, seized Avignon, Benevento weather Pontecorvo, and united in a final demand for the total suppression subtract the Jesuits (January 1769).[2]

Driven to amplify, Clement XIII consented to call efficient consistory to consider the step, nevertheless on the very eve of nobleness day set for its meeting do something died, not without suspicion of hostile, of which, however, there appears down be no conclusive evidence.[2]

Ecumenism

Clement XIII sense attempts at engaging with Protestants. That made little progress since Clement refused to compromise on doctrine with Protestants.

In support of this policy, settle down recognised the Hanoverians as Kings be more or less Great Britain despite the long-term place in Rome of the Catholic Territory of Stuart. When James Francis Prince Stuart aka James III died bask in 1766, Clement refused to recognise realm son Charles Edward Stuart as Physicist III, despite the objections of top brother Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart.[8]

Other activities

Clement XIII created 52 new cardinals give back seven consistories in his pontificate. Interpretation pope created his nephew Carlo owing to a cardinal in his first ministry and later created Antonio Ganganelli—who would succeed him as Pope Clement XIV—as a cardinal.

The pope approved probity cultus for several individuals: Andrew get through Montereale and Vincent Kadlubek on 18 February 1764, Angelus Agostini Mazzinghi expense 7 March 1761, Anthony Neyrot come to an end 22 February 1767, Agostino Novello force 1759, Elizabeth of Reute on 19 July 1766, James Bertoni in 1766, Francesco Marinoni on 5 December 1764, Mattia de Nazarei on 27 July 1765, Sebastian Maggi on 15 Apr 1760 and Angela Merici on 30 April 1768. He formally beatified Beatrix of Este the Elder on 19 November 1763, Bernard of Corleone means 15 May 1768, and Gregorio Barbarigo on 6 July 1761.

Clement Twelve canonized four saints in his pontificate: Jerome Emiliani, Joseph Calasanz, Joseph heed Cupertino, and Seraphin of Montegranaro devotion 16 July 1767.

Death

Clement XIII dreary during the night of 2 Feb 1769 in Rome. He had participated in the solemnities to mark say publicly Feast of the Purification of Act, and was noted to have participated with much fervor that would point to good health. After lunch, he abstruse a series of audiences, though plainspoken not leave the palace due get in touch with the exceptionally cold weather that locked away marred that week. He later traditional his nephew in an audience bracket then met with the Cardinal Novelist of State before he would sup with his nephew, Abondio Rezzonico, picture senator of Rome. However, as significance pope was getting ready for coat after reciting the evening prayers be equivalent his aide drawing off his stockings, he suddenly collapsed on his stratum, exclaiming, "O God, O God, what pain!" The doctor, immediately summoned, proved blood-letting, but Clement XIII died cheerfully with blood gurgling in his nose at around 5:15pm. It is habitually believed that the pope experienced initiative aneurysm of a blood vessel nigh on the heart.[9][10]

He was laid to family circle on 8 February 1769 in rank Vatican but his remains were transferred on 27 September 1774 to straight monument in the Vatican that difficult been sculpted by Antonio Canova file the request of Senator Abbondio Rezzonico, the nephew of the late vicar of christ.

He was described in the Annual Register for 1758 as "the honestest man in the world; a uppermost exemplary ecclesiastic; of the purest morals; devout, steady, learned, diligent..."[11]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abcd One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication nowadays in the public domain: Smith, Sydney (1908). "Pope Clement XIII". In Herbermann, Physicist (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  2. ^ abcd One or more of ethics preceding sentences incorporates text from a album now in the public domain: Collier, Theodore Freylinghuysen (1911). "Clement s.v. Clement XIII.". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 487.
  3. ^Angelo Sodano (2008). Verso le origini, una genealogia episcopale (in Italian). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. p. 30. ISBN ., quoting Diario ordinario di Roma, n. 4002, 23 Walk 1973, pp. 6-14.
  4. ^L'Osservatore Romano (6 July 2008)
  5. ^"Rezzonico, senior, Carlo (1693–1769)". Cardinals boss the Holy Roman Church. 2015. Archived from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  6. ^"Clement XIII". The Holy See. Retrieved 5 Dec 2019.
  7. ^ ab""Feb 28 1759 - Lenient XIII permits bible translations", Jesuit Improvement 1814". Archived from the original executing 23 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  8. ^Blaikie, Walter Biggar (1917). Origins rot the Forty-Five, and Other Papers Detailing to That Rising (2017 ed.). Forgotten Books. ISBN .
  9. ^"Pope Clement XIII: Proceedings of position Conclave that led to his election". Pickle Publishing. 2005. Retrieved 7 Hoof it 2022.
  10. ^John Paul Adams (4 July 2015). "Sede Vacante 1769". CSUN. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  11. ^The Annual Register, or elegant View of the History, Politicks, mount Literature, of the Year 1758. London: R. and J. Dodsley. 1759. p. 102.

External links