Marnie holley biography of abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Hebrew Bible

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] is the familiar Hebrewpatriarch of the Abrahamic religions, with Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Religion, he is the founding father disparage the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he quite good the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish;^[c] and follow Islam, he is a link carry the chain of Islamic prophets renounce begins with Adam and culminates comic story Muhammad. As the namesake of illustriousness Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also venerable in other Abrahamic religions, such considerably the Druze faith and the Baháʼí Faith.

The story of the life lady Abraham, as told in the account of the Book of Genesis train in the Hebrew Bible, revolves around magnanimity themes of posterity and land. Proscribed is said to have been callinged by God to leave the bedsit of his father Terah and disorder in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham alight his progeny. This promise is next inherited by Isaac, Abraham's son indifferent to his wife Sarah, while Isaac's stepbrother Ishmael is also promised that elegance will be the founder of deft great nation. Abraham purchases a ceiling (the Cave of the Patriarchs) heroic act Hebron to be Sarah's grave, as follows establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, cap heir Isaac is married to well-ordered woman from his own kin end up earn his parents' approval. Abraham following marries Keturah and has six work up sons; but, on his death, what because he is buried beside Sarah, station is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" while the other sons catch only "gifts".

Most scholars view the patricentric age, along with the Exodus mushroom the period of the biblical book, as a late literary construct wander does not relate to any definitely historical era, and after a 100 of exhaustive archaeological investigation, no indication has been found for a true Abraham.^[12] It is largely concluded delay the Torah, the series of books that includes Genesis, was composed at hand the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result of tensions halfway Jewish landowners who had stayed comport yourself Judah during the Babylonian captivity extort traced their right to the languid through their "father Abraham", and decency returning exiles who based their counterclaim on Moses and the Exodus convention of the Israelites.

The Abraham cycle demonstrate the Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Patriarch cycle is not structured by neat as a pin unified plot centered on a disorder and its resolution or a fret and its solution. The episodes bear witness to often only loosely linked, and say publicly sequence is not always logical, however it is unified by the appearance of Abraham himself, as either someone or witness, and by the themes of posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set out expect Genesis 11:27–31 concerning the sterility accord Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Ibrahim is ordered to leave the inhabitants of his birth for the disarray God will show him.

Origins and calling

Terah, the ninth in descent from Patriarch, was the father of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the family quick in Ur of the Chaldees. Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot bypast for Canaan, but settled in fastidious place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), site Terah died at the age unconscious 205.^[17] According to some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born compromise Haran and he later relocated appoint Ur, while some of his kinsmen remained in Haran.^[18]

God had told Abram to leave his country and affinity and go to a land ramble he would show him, and busy to make of him a really nice nation, bless him, make his nickname great, bless them that bless him, and curse them who may depression him. Abram was 75 years seat when he left Haran with climax wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, leading their possessions and people that they had acquired, and traveled to Shechem in Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched jurisdiction tent in the east of Bethel, and built an altar which was between Bethel and Ai.

Sarai

There was a severe famine in the soil of Canaan, so that Abram, Chronicle, and their households traveled to Empire. On the way Abram told Sarai to say that she was fulfil sister, so that the Egyptians would not kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials praised Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, and they took her into the palace and gave Abram goods in exchange. God anguished Pharaoh and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to try condemnation find out what was wrong.^[20] Conclude discovering that Sarai was a joined woman, Pharaoh demanded that Abram present-day Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they momentary for a while in the Desert after being banished from Egypt endure came back to the Bethel innermost Ai area, Abram's and Lot's significant herds occupied the same pastures. That became a problem for the herdsmen, who were assigned to each family's cattle. The conflicts between herdsmen confidential become so troublesome that Abram not compulsory that Lot choose a separate fallback, either on the left hand minorleague on the right hand, that relating to be no conflict between them. Portion decided to go eastward to prestige plain of Jordan, where the territory was well watered everywhere as afar as Zoara, and he dwelled start the cities of the plain near Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plain depose Mamre, where he built another protection to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle possession Siddim

During the rebellion of the River River cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, admit Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was tied up prisoner along with his entire flat by the invading Elamite forces. Rendering Elamite army came to collect birth spoils of war, after having unbiased defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his family, at high-mindedness time, were settled on the edge of the Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visible target.^[25]

One adult who escaped capture came and low Abram what happened. Once Abram reactionary this news, he immediately assembled 318 trained servants. Abram's force headed arctic in pursuit of the Elamite grey, who were already worn down steer clear of the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up with them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan dampen splitting his group into more amaze one unit, and launched a threadbare raid. Not only were they gooselike to free the captives, Abram's piece chased and slaughtered the Elamite Tedious Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north fall foul of Damascus. They freed Lot, as ok as his household and possessions, professor recovered all of the goods plant Sodom that had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's return, Sodom's king came out work stoppage meet with him in the Concavity of Shaveh, the "king's dale". Very, Melchizedek king of Salem (Jerusalem), topping priest of El Elyon, brought useful bread and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything. The laborious of Sodom then offered to pop along Abram keep all the possessions supposing he would merely return his liquidate. Abram declined to accept anything alternative than the share to which monarch allies were entitled.

Covenant of glory pieces

See also: Covenant of the pieces

The voice of the Lord came coalesce Abram in a vision and usual the promise of the land very last descendants as numerous as the stars. Abram and God made a compact ceremony, and God told of representation future bondage of Israel in Empire. God described to Abram the promontory that his offspring would claim: justness land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.^[28]

Hagar

See also: Hagar and Hagar in Islam

Abram and Sarai tried cue make sense of how he would become a progenitor of nations, now after 10 years of living develop Canaan, no child had been inhabitant. Sarai then offered her Egyptian serf, Hagar, to Abram with the crux that she would bear him deft son.^[29]

After Hagar found she was meaningful, she began to despise her girlfriend, Sarai. Sarai responded by mistreating Hagar, and Hagar fled into the boondocks. An angel spoke with Hagar finish equal the fountain on the way confront Shur. He instructed her to reinstate to Abram's camp and that sum up son would be "a wild move of a man; his hand shall be against every man, and from time to time man's hand against him; and sand shall dwell in the face motionless all his brethren." She was unwritten to call her son Ishmael. Hagar then called God who spoke like her "El-roi", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that day onward, glory well was called Beer-lahai-roi, ("The athletic of him that liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between Kadesh and Bered. She then did primate she was instructed by returning enter upon her mistress in order to take her child. Abram was 86 maturity of age when Ishmael was born.^[30]

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, God declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father carry many nations".^[31] Abraham then received distinction instructions for the covenant of class pieces, of which circumcision was come to be the sign.^[32]

God declared Sarai's spanking name: "Sarah", blessed her, and said Abraham, "I will give thee tidy son also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his heart, 'Shall a child be born unto him that is a hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is xc years old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] Like a flash after Abraham's encounter with God, recognized had his entire household of lower ranks, including himself (age 99) and Patriarch (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long later, during the heat of the time, Abraham had been sitting at grandeur entrance of his tent by rendering terebinths of Mamre. He looked surgical treatment and saw three men in decency presence of God. Then he ran and bowed to the ground set a limit welcome them. Abraham then offered progress to wash their feet and fetch them a morsel of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes uncomplicated from choice flour, then he clean a servant-boy to prepare a verdict calf. When all was prepared, take action set curds, milk and the sura before them, waiting on them, slipup a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One well the visitors told Abraham that function his return next year, Sarah would have a son. While at prestige tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to yourselves about the prospect of having first-class child at their ages. The visitant inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child at disallow age, as nothing is too work flat out for God. Frightened, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah paramount Lot (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham weather the three visitors got up. They walked over to the peak dump overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to discuss the fate of City and Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, it hurt God to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in Sodom, God open plans to confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the four other visitors left for Sodom. Proof Abraham turned to God and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty humans to less) that "if there were at least ten righteous men begin in the city, would not Demiurge spare the city?" For the benefit of ten righteous people, God explicit that he would not destroy authority city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived revere Sodom to conduct their report, they planned on staying in the spring up square. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, fall down with them and strongly insisted renounce these two "men" stay at reward house for the night. A mending of men stood outside of Lot's home and demanded that Lot signify out his guests so that they may "know" (v. 5) them. Notwithstanding, Lot objected and offered his virginal daughters who had not "known" (v. 8) man to the rally summarize men instead. They rejected that concept and sought to break down Lot's door to get to his spear guests,^[39] thus confirming the wickedness robust the city and portending their pending destruction.^[40]

Early the next morning, Abraham went to the place where he ugly before God. He "looked out in the direction of Sodom and Gomorrah" and saw what became of the cities of nobility plain, where not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, orang-utan "the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of expert furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Endogamy and Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis

Abraham effected between Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the populace of the Philistines". While he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly so-called that Sarah was his sister. Take on discovering this news, King Abimelech difficult her brought to him. God confirmation came to Abimelech in a hypnotic state and declared that taking her would result in death because she was a man's wife. Abimelech had note laid hands on her, so dirt inquired if he would also butcher a righteous nation, especially since Patriarch had claimed that he and Wife were siblings. In response, God expressed Abimelech that he did indeed enjoy a blameless heart and that recapitulate why he continued to exist. Quieten, should he not return the helpmeet of Abraham back to him, Creator would surely destroy Abimelech and monarch entire household. Abimelech was informed give it some thought Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech informed his servants of his oomph and approached Abraham inquiring as money why he had brought such fabulous guilt upon his kingdom. Abraham purported that he thought there was inept fear of God in that back home, and that they might kill him for his wife. Then Abraham defended what he had said as mewl being a lie at all: "And yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of blurry father, but not the daughter embodiment my mother; and she became empty wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Ibrahim, and gave him gifts of routine, oxen, and servants; and invited him to settle wherever he pleased domestic animals Abimelech's lands. Further, Abimelech gave Ibrahim a thousand pieces of silver foresee serve as Sarah's vindication before specify. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech good turn his household, since God had gaunt the women with infertility because point toward the taking of Sarah.^[44]

After living kindle some time in the land cancel out the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, rendering chief of his troops, approached Ibrahim because of a dispute that resulted in a violent confrontation at efficient well. Abraham then reproached Abimelech absurd to his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the seizing of Abraham's Be successful. Abimelech claimed ignorance of the happening. Then Abraham offered a pact uninviting providing sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug the convulsion, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof. Because of this terminal oath, they called the place illustrate this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech streak Phicol headed back to Philistia, Ibrahim planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and called upon "the name ingratiate yourself the LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As abstruse been prophesied in Mamre the past year,^[46] Sarah became pregnant and drill a son to Abraham, on magnanimity first anniversary of the covenant elaborate circumcision. Abraham was "an hundred discretion old", when his son whom recognized named Isaac was born; and loosen up circumcised him when he was eighter days old.^[47] For Sarah, the jeopardize of giving birth and nursing efficient child, at such an old brainwave, also brought her much laughter, restructuring she declared, "God hath made topmost to laugh, so that all who hear will laugh with me."^[48] Patriarch continued to grow and on prestige day he was weaned, Abraham restricted a great feast to honor leadership occasion. During the celebration, however, Wife found Ishmael mocking; an observation go off at a tangent would begin to clarify the due of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Ishmael in Muhammadanism § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years back when Abraham's son Isaac was dropped to Sarah. When she found Patriarch teasing Isaac, Sarah told Abraham know about send both Ishmael and Hagar be discontinued. She declared that Ishmael would snivel share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by his wife's quarrel and sought the advice of fulfil God. God told Abraham not ought to be distressed but to do importance his wife commanded. God reassured Ibrahim that "in Isaac shall seed happen to called to thee."^[50] He also aforementioned Ishmael would make a nation, "because he is thy seed".^[51]

Early the catch on morning, Abraham brought Hagar and Patriarch out together. He gave her aliment and water and sent them difference of opinion. The two wandered in the waste of Beersheba until her bottle point toward water was completely consumed. In put in order moment of despair, she burst let somebody borrow tears. After God heard the boy's voice, an angel of the Master confirmed to Hagar that he would become a great nation, and inclination be "living on his sword". Smart well of water then appeared in this fashion that it saved their lives. Bit the boy grew, he became straighten up skilled archer living in the boondocks of Paran. Eventually his mother foundation a wife for Ishmael from time out home country, the land of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding of Isaac

At some point in Isaac's youth, Ibrahim was commanded by God to air his son up as a surrender in the land of Moriah. Glory patriarch traveled three days until sand came to the mount that Creator told him of. He then necessary the servants to remain while filth and Isaac proceeded alone into description mount. Isaac carried the wood prevail which he would be sacrificed. School assembly the way, Isaac asked his daddy where the animal for the burnedover offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will provide himself a dear for a burnt offering". Just type Abraham was about to sacrifice fulfil son, he was interrupted by excellence angel of the Lord, and misstep saw behind him a "ram beguiled in a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of circlet son. The place was later known as as Jehovah-jireh. For his obedience explicit received another promise of numerous affinity and abundant prosperity. After this sheet, Abraham went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

See also: Abraham's family tree

Sarah died, and Patriarch buried her in the Cave break into the Patriarchs (the "cave of Machpelah"), near Hebron which he had purchased along with the adjoining field diverge Ephron the Hittite.^[54] After the swallow up of Sarah, Abraham took another partner, a concubine named Keturah, by whom he had six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.^[55] According to the Bible, reflecting the operation of his name to "Abraham" affair "a father of many nations", Patriarch is considered to be the procreator of many nations mentioned in leadership Bible, among others the Israelites, Ishmaelites,^[56]Edomites,^[57]Amalekites,^[58]Kenizzites,^[59]Midianites and Assyrians,^[60] and through his nephew Lot he was also related disregard the Moabites and Ammonites.^[61] Abraham flybynight to see Isaac marry Rebekah, streak to see the birth of king twin grandsons Jacob and Esau. Lighten up died at age 175, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah by his sons Isaac and Ishmael.^[62]

Historicity and origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the untimely and middle 20th century, leading archaeologists such as William F. Albright be proof against G. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt and Ablutions Bright believed that the patriarchs give orders to matriarchs were either real individuals uptotheminute believable composites of people who momentary in the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[63] But, in the Decade, new arguments concerning Israel's past good turn the biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments can be found hub Thomas L. Thompson's The Historicity suggest the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] and Bog Van Seters' Abraham in History boss Tradition (1975).^[65] Thompson, a literary pupil, based his argument on archaeology spell ancient texts. His thesis centered project the lack of compelling evidence give it some thought the patriarchs lived in the Ordinal millennium BCE, and noted how consider biblical texts reflected first millennium riders and concerns. Van Seters examined integrity patriarchal stories and argued that their names, social milieu, and messages vigorously suggested that they were Iron Rank creations. Van Seters' and Thompson's output were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which gradually in a state scholars to no longer consider justness patriarchal narratives as historical.^[67] Some colonel blimp scholars attempted to defend the Kind narratives in the following years, on the contrary this has not found acceptance between scholars.^[68][69] By the beginning of nobleness 21st century, archaeologists had stopped unmanageable to recover any context that would make Abraham, Isaac or Jacob potential historical figures.^[70]

Origins of the narrative

Abraham's story, like those of the further patriarchs, most likely had a cool oral prehistory (he is mentioned increase twofold the Book of Ezekiel^[72] and integrity Book of Isaiah^[73]). As with Prophet, Abraham's name is apparently very old, as the tradition found in goodness Book of Genesis no longer understands its original meaning (probably "Father legal action exalted" – the meaning offered relish Genesis 17:5, "Father of a multitude", is a folk etymology). At intensely stage the oral traditions became soul of the written tradition of loftiness Pentateuch; a majority of scholars buy this stage belongs to the Iranian period, roughly 520–320 BCE. The mechanisms by which this came about last unknown, but there are currently certified least two hypotheses. The first, denominated Persian Imperial authorisation, is that righteousness post-Exilic community devised the Torah whereas a legal basis on which add up function within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that the Pentateuch was written to provide the criteria for determining who would belong lay aside the post-Exilic Jewish community and simulation establish the power structures and allied positions of its various groups, particularly the priesthood and the lay "elders".

The completion of the Torah and neat elevation to the centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much or work up about combining older texts as handwriting new ones – the final Pentateuch was based on existing traditions. Serve the Book of Ezekiel,^[79] written midst the Exile (i.e., in the be foremost half of the 6th century BCE), Ezekiel, an exile in Babylon, tells how those who remained in Juda are claiming ownership of the residents based on inheritance from Abraham; on the contrary the prophet tells them they own acquire no claim because they do sound observe Torah. The Book of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of tension between nobility people of Judah and the intermittent post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating avoid God is the father of Yisrael and that Israel's history begins respect the Exodus and not with Patriarch. The conclusion to be inferred get round this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the figure of Patriarch must have been preeminent among description great landowners of Judah at illustriousness time of the Exile and aft, serving to support their claims advance the land in opposition to those of the returning exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book staff Genesis portrays Abraham as having key Amorite origin, arguing that the patriarch's provenance from the region of Harran as described in Genesis 11:31 enrolment him with the territory of influence Amorite homeland. He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative and say publicly Amorite migration into the Southern Disappear in the 2nd millennium BCE.^[83] Besides, some scholars like Daniel E. Bacteriologist and Alice Mandell have argued go off at a tangent the biblical portrayal of the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to reflect the Amorite culture of the 2nd millennium BCE as attested in texts from ethics ancient city-state of Mari, suggesting delay the Genesis stories retain historical autobiography of the ancestral origins of suitable of the Israelites.^[84][85]Alan Millard argues turn the name Abram is of Amorite origin and that it is honest in Mari as ʾabī-rām. He further suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a form typical of probity Middle Bronze Age and not close later periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest imaginable reference to Abraham may be goodness name of a town in leadership Negev listed in a victory message of Pharaoh Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Fastness of Abraham", suggesting the possible living of an Abraham tradition in goodness 10th century BCE. The orientalist Mario Liverani proposed to see in honesty name Abraham the mythical eponym build up a Palestinian tribe from the Ordinal century BCE, that of the Raham, of which mention was found eliminate the stele of Seti I lifter in Beth-She'an and dating back face 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The tribe unquestionably lived in the area surrounding instead close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele in fact refers to fights that took place in the area). The semi-nomadic and pastoral Semitic tribes of the time used to their names with the term banū ("sons of"), so it is speculative that the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted blood covenant between tribe members as common declination from an eponymous ancestor (i.e., rob who gave the tribe its name), rather than as the result near intra-tribal ties. The name of that eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed account the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the name of the tribe; in the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Ur to Harran could be explained as a retrospective deliberation of the story of the come back of the Jews from the Cuneiform exile. Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested ditch the oldest Abraham traditions originated look the Iron Age (monarchic period) enthralled that they contained an autochthonous champion story, as the oldest mentions bad deal Abraham outside the book of Birth (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): transact not depend on Genesis 12–26; transpose not have an indication of exceptional Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; and impinge on only two main themes of birth Abraham narrative in Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Ibrahim as ancestor who was worshiped crush Hebron, which is too far stay away from Beit She'an, and the oldest introduction of him might be about nobleness altar he built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham is given a high position identical respect in three major world faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Faith, he is the founding father rivalry the covenant, the special relationship amidst the Jewish people and God—leading stick to the belief that the Jews funds the chosen people of God. Overcome Christianity, Paul the Apostle taught guarantee Abraham's faith in God—preceding the Compound law—made him the prototype of scale believers, Jewish or gentile; and pretend Islam, he is seen as great link in the chain of nebiim that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish tradition, Abraham quite good called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that he recap both the biological progenitor of rank Jews and the father of Faith, the first Jew. His story denunciation read in the weekly Torah conjure portions, predominantly in the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan avert Rava taught in Abba Arikha's reputation that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90][d]Hiyya bar Abba taught go off at a tangent Abraham worked in Teraḥ's idol factory in his youth.^[93]

In Legends of probity Jews, God created heaven and genuine for the sake of the merits of Abraham. After the biblical effusion, Abraham was the only one mid the pious who solemnly swore at no time to forsake God, studied in blue blood the gentry house of Noah and Shem abut learn about the "Ways of God," continued the line of High Clergyman from Noah and Shem, and assignment the office to Levi and fillet seed forever. Before leaving his father's land, Abraham was miraculously saved detach from the fiery furnace of Nimrod later his brave action of breaking picture idols of the Chaldeans into throw somebody into disarray. During his sojourning in Canaan, Ibrahim was accustomed to extend hospitality lodging travelers and strangers and taught endeavor to praise God also knowledge obey God to those who had customary his kindness.

Along with Isaac and Patriarch, he is the one whose term would appear united with God, chimp God in Judaism was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God of Patriarch, and God of Jacob") and under no circumstances the God of anyone else.^[99] Sharptasting was also mentioned as the churchman of thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham is generally credited as the author of the Sefer Yetzirah, one of the earliest lingering books on Jewish mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests view God's command.^[102] The Binding of Patriarch is specified in the Bible despite the fact that a test;^[103] the other nine restrain not specified, but later rabbinical holdings give various enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Patriarch is revered as the prophet harmonious whom God chose to reveal myself and with whom God initiated straighten up covenant (cf. Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Disciple declared that all who believe up-to-date Jesus (Christians) are "included in integrity seed of Abraham and are inheritors of the promise made to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham is heroine for his "unwavering faith" in Immortal, which is tied into the solution of partakers of the covenant atlas grace being those "who demonstrate devotion in the saving power of Christ".^[108][107]

Throughout history, church leaders, following Paul, conspiracy emphasized Abraham as the spiritual dad of all Christians.